Amina a Warrior Queen of Zazzau was born around 1533 in Zaria, a province of today s Nigeria. After only three months on the throne, Amina returned to the battlefield and fought in one military campaign after another until her death at Atagara in 1610. 16. The Island village shares borders with Niger, Chad, Cameroon, and Nigeria. Queen Amina never married though she had men in her life. Emokpae, E. Queen Amina Of Zaria Oil Painting, 76 X 122cm, National Gallery Of Modern Art, Lagos, (Source: Nucleus 1981) Warrior Queen Amina (c.1533 - c.1610) Amina (also Aminatu; d. 1610) was a Hausa warrior queen of the city-state Zazzau (present-day city of Zaria in Kaduna State), in what is now in the north-west region of Nigeria. The memories of Queen Amina fit into the legends of the world. The city-state's power peaked under Queen Amina whose military campaigns established a tributary region including the kingdoms of Kano and Katsina. She was the daughter of the 22nd ruler and founder of the and officially became the queen of Ndongo in 1627. Amina was a preeminent gimbiya (princess) but various theories exist as to the time of her reign as queen. Unlike her younger sister, Zariya (from whom the city of Zaria derives its name); Amina is … AMINA OF ZARIA: African Warrior Queen Extraordinaire Amina Even Has A Stamp! From the 2006 population census, Zaria was estimated to have 408,198 people. She was the first Queen (Sarauniya) of the Hausas of Northern Nigeria and one of its best. Photo source: Tumblr Source: UGC. She was the heir of the throne as the granddaughter of King Sarkin but refused royalty training and rather went through warrior training to become the greatest warrior of the Zazzau kingdom. For the rest of her 34 year reign, she continued to fight and expand her kingdom to the greatest in history. Additionally, it is common belief that Amina died during a military campaign at Atagara near Bida in Nigeria. Reports have it that the Jihadists who keep swelling in number and ammunition surrounded the Chadian troops and decimated them for seven hours, using all sorts of machine guns and bombs. Queen Amina of Zazzau was a Hausa Muslim Warrior known as Queen of Zazzau (now Zaria) and a west african warrior queen. She was also said to have taken a lover from among the conquered people after each battle, and to have killed him in the morning following their night together. Retaliatory Muslim religious riots that extended to Katsina, Funtua, Zaria, and Gusau following Muslim-Christian riots at Kafanchan College of Education. One of these is a government secondary school named after her in Kaduna state, Queen Amina College. [1] Between the fifteenth and sixteenth century the kingdom became a tributary state of the Songhai Empire. Queen Amina of Zazzau was born around 1533 in the province of Zazzau, in modern-day Nigeria. Amina, Zaria Queen. Zaria is a major city in Kaduna State in northern Nigeria, as well as being a Local Government Area.Formerly known as Zazzau, it was one of the original seven Hausa city-states.Today, it is known for housing Nigeria's largest university, Ahmadu Bello University, as well as being home to a number of prominent Nigerians. This queen of Zazzua, a province of Nigeria now known as Zaria, was born around 1533 during the reign of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir. Nigeria has produced notable women leaders in virtually all spheres of society; in politics, education, commerce, etc. As Queen Elizabeth 1 of England, she refuses to marry. A skillful Hausa warrior, she … Amina, born in the city of Zazzau, was trained in skills of government and military warfare and fought in battles with her brother, Karama.In 1566, when Bakwa died, Amina’s younger brother Karama became king. She had her secondary school education at Queen Amina College, Kaduna, and later proceeded to have her A’ Level in Zaria. He c… In This Episode: Still, in the spirit of celebrating Black History Month, we are going to take you on a journey through the life of one of the greatest and most courageous African Queen's to walk this earth, Queen Amina of Zazzau. An Assoiciate Professor and Pyscian writer Ndagi Abdullahi has said that Queen Amina of Zaria never existed, raising a controversial discussion on the woman once considered to be the most powerful female in the 16th century that lived in the Northern part of Nigeria. A 15-kilometre wall surrounding the modern-day city of Zaria dates back to Amina and is known as ganuwar Amina (Amina’s wall). The province was part of the seven city-states in Hausa … Queen Amina of Zaria (1588 – 1589) ... Nzingha sought for freedom and peace using all conventional methods including diplomacy although her enemies had killed her only child. She was born about 1533, the oldest daughter of Bakwa Turunku (one site refers to this ruler as a woman but another says the gender is not certain); Amina came to power about 1588 after a ten-year-period of rule by her younger brother Karama. Queen Amina was a warrior queen of the popular city-state Zazzau (Zaria) in the present-day Kaduna. Turunku Bakwa (fl. 3 talking about this. When Karama died in 1576, the kingmakers did not hesitate to appoint Amina as their next ruler. At the end of the 16th century, after Queen Amina’s death, Zaria fell under the influence of the Jukun Kingdom and eventually became a tributary state itself. When Bakwa died in 1566, the crown of Zazzua passed to Amina’s younger brother, Karama. Amina was a Hausa warrior queen of Zazzau, in what is now in the north-west region of Nigeria. Queen Amina of Zazzau. Klatcat / Wikimedia Commons / CC BY 2.0. After Amina`s death, her sister Zaria succeeded to the throne, but Zaria, the kingdom, soon faded from history as a great West African power. Queen Nzingha is regarded as they symbol of inspiration among women due to her concerted efforts to bring peace between the Angolans and Portuguese. Amina (meaning truthful, honest) was born the eldest daughter of Queen Bakwa Turunku, who founded the Zazzau Kingdom in 1536. The Chadian soldiers were ambushed on the Island of Moma, in the Lake Chad area, on Monday, 23rd of March. Queen Amina of Zaria A collection of artistic fashion items inspired by Queen Amina of Zazzau (Zaria) was showcased at the Ozidu house gallery to celebrate the legacy of African Queens. Amina was born in the middle of the sixteenth century CE to King Nikatau, the 22nd ruler of Zazzau, and Queen Bakwa Turunku (r. 1536–c. She was probably his granddaughter. Amina Sukhera (also called Aminatu) was a Hausa Muslim Warrior Queen of Zazzau (now Zaria), in what is now north central Nigeria. Because the Hausa people of Zazzau were well skilled in the metalworking crafts, Queen Amina was able to introduce the use of metal armour, including iron helmets and chains, for the protection of her army. Queen Aminatu was born a princess around 1533 in Zazzau, a province known as Zaria in today’s Nigeria. According to the Kano Chronicle, Amina conquered as far as Nupe and Kwarafa, ruling for 34 years. Queen Amina never married though she had men in her life. Surame Cultural Landscape "Amina Sarauniya Zazzau" -- Queen Amina of Zazzau or Zaria, now a province of Nigeria, was a leader of the Hausa people. Amina ruled for 34 years before her death. According to the legend, she was killed in a military campaign near Bida, Nigeria. In Lagos State, at the National Arts Theatre, there is a statue of Amina. Many schools are named for her. Zazzau refers to the Zaria emirate which is a traditional state with headquarters in the city of Zaria in Kaduna state in Nigeria. Ojukwu’s most recent movie ‘Amina’ is largely based on the legend of Queen Amina, a 16th century Hausa warrior-queen of Zazzau empire, in Zaria. In 1576 when Karama died, Amina, now about 43, became Queen of Zazzau. 1598) and Zaria (both would rule Zaria). Today, I would like to tell you about yet another great queen of Africa, Queen Amina of Zazzau.. Just like Amanishakheto of Nubia, Nzingha of Angola, or Ranavalona I of Madagascar, Amina was a strong queen who loved her people, and totally marked her kingdom forever.. Queen Amina of Zazzau was born around 1533 in the province of Zazzau, in modern-day Nigeria. Amina was born around 1533 in Zaria. She eventually emerged as the leader of their army. ‘Amina’, which stars Lucy Ameh, Ali Nuhu, Clarion Chukwura and Yakubu Mohammed, appears to be an interesting flick to look forward to, owing to its enthralling trailer. Queen Amina was a great military strategist; the Calvary-trained queen Amina led her first military charge a few months after assuming power. In 1817, Afonja of Morin was the Are-Ona Kakanfo – the Head of the Army of the Oyo Empire, under the Alaafin of Oyo – Aole (The King). According to oral legends collected by anthropologist David E. Jones, Amina grew up in her grandfather's court and was favored by him. 1566). She was the daughter of Bakwa of Turunku. Amina Sukhera (also called Aminatu) was a Muslim princess of the royal family of Zazzau (now Zaria), in what is now northeast Nigeria. This month, we are celebrating the history of the times before slavery, the Black History we should never forget to celebrate. Amina (also Aminatu; d. 1610) was a Hausa Muslim Warrior Queen of Zazzau (now Zaria), in what is now north west Nigeria. Amina (died 1610) was a Hausa warrior queen of Zazzau (now Zaria), in what is now north west Nigeria. About Queen Amina By Sujimoto Located in the prime neighbourhood of Abuja, QueenAminaBySujimoto a project which draws inspiration from the strength of a female warrior – Queen Amina of Zaria, a warrior Queen who overcame difficulties, led and won multiple wars, transformed challenges into opportunities and impacted the Northern Caliphate. Today, I would like to tell you about yet another great queen of Africa, Queen Amina of Zazzau.. Just like Amanishakheto of Nubia, Nzingha of Angola, or Ranavalona I of Madagascar, Amina was a strong queen who loved her people, and totally marked her kingdom forever.. Queen Amina of Zazzau was born around 1533 in the province of Zazzau, in modern-day … This is now a province in modern day Nigeria. Many city states dominated trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai Empire to the west. Queen Amina was popularly called 'a woman like a man' by her people. Commonly known as the warrior queen, Queen Amina of Zaria was the first woman to become the Sarauniya (queen) in a male-dominated society. The name Zaria was said to be derived from the 16th century Queen’s name known as Amina yar Bakwa (also known a Zaria because of her beauty)a sister to the legendary Amina the warrior Queen/princess, who was said to relocate the capital from Turunku to the present location. Queen Amina (1576 AD) Depiction of Queen Amina (Image Source) Often regarded as the warrior Queen, Amina became a queen in Zazzau (present-day Zaria) between 1576 and 1610. [1] She is the subject of many legends, but is widely believed by historians to have been a real ruler, though contemporary evidence about her is limited. Amina was the warrior queen of Zazzau (now Zaria). She had a younger sister named Zaria for whom the modern city of Zaria (Kaduna State) was renamed by the British in the early twentieth century. Hannatu, who featured as the famous Queen Amina of Zazzau, rode a horse with a very dangerous spear to fight enemies. From generation to generation, women have proven themselves an integral and indispensable part of leadership both locally and globally. Media Center Amina: The warrior queen of Zazzau. A controversial figure whose existence has been questioned by some historians, her real biography has been somewhat obscured by subsequent legends and folk tales. Although queen Amina significantly played a great role in uplifting and highlighting the capabilities of women, it is important to consider the fact that she reflected some unethical deeds. Queen Amina of Zazzau. Some scholars date Queen Amina’s reign to about 1549, as heir apparent after the death of her mother. Amina Mohamud or simply Amina was a Hausa warrior queen of the city-state Zazzau, in what is now in the north-west region of Nigeria. She was born to the ruler of Bakwa and after the death of her father, her brother became the ruler. Amina of Zaria remains forever a living memory in the collective memory of Nigerians who call the warrior Hausa. Inthe 16th century, Queen Bakwa Turunku, Amina’s mother, built the capital of Zazzau at Zaria, named after her younger daughter. At a time when men dominated most aspects of life, Amina the queen of Zazzau emerged. Queen Amina came to power between 1588 and 1589 A.D. 2 – The people of Zaria first heard of Queen Amina of Zaria from two non-Zaria sources, namely, the Kano Chronicle from Kano & the Infakul Maisuri from Sokoto. There are also female hostels called Queen Amina Hall in Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria… Amina (disambiguation) - Wikipedia The film stars Chowalloor Krishnankutty, Nilambur Balan , Amina and Kozhikode Sharada in the lead roles. In the twentieth century the memory of Amina came to represent the spirit and strength of womanhood. These include Queen Idia of Benin, Queen Amina of Zaria, Queen Ndeta Yalla of Senegal, Nongqawuse of the Republic of South Africa, Queen of the Ndongo of Angola, Kimpa Vita of Kongo, Rosa Luxemburg of Polen, Martha Schad of Augsburg, Queen Elisabeth of Great Britain and a host of other brave women leaders. Where was Queen Amina of Zaria killed? She is known also as Amina Sarauniya Zazzau. https://www.thefamouspeople.com/profiles/hausa-queen-amina-51267.php Amina was born around 1533 in Zaria, a province of today’s Nigeria. Amina of Zaria, commonly called the warrior queen, and also known as Queen […] Amina was born around 1533 in Zaria, a province of today’s Nigeria. In celebration of her special day, the talented actress channeled Queen Amina of Zaria in her birthday photos, and then wrote in her caption: Chapter 34. Queen Amina was the heir to the throne after her mother, and her reign began in 1549. 3 – The utterly Islamic name Amina was not a Hausa name in the 16th century that Queen Amina was supposed to have lived. Africa has a deep and rich history going from the Pharaohs of Egypt to the … Eventually, the entire state of Zazzau was renamed Zaria, which is now a province in present-day Nigeria. Amina, one of few warrior queens who ruled an African kingdom for 34 years in the 1500s One of the greatest warriors ever to emerge from Africa in the sixteenth century was Queen Amina of Zazzau. Amina, Warrior Queen of Zaria (1588-1589) Amina was queen in a part of Nigeria now known as Zaria, where women could inherit the throne on an even keel with men. 12. Name variations: Flourished in the 1530s as the queen of Zazzau (later Zaria) in central Nigeria; children: Amina (c. 1533–c. On Friday night, art lovers gathered in Abuja to commemorate the legend of Queen Amina … She was the elder daughter of Queen Bakwa Turunku, the founder of the Zazzau Kingdom in 1536. She expanded the territory of the Hausa people of north Africa to its largest borders in history. More than 400 years later, the legend of her persona became the model for a television series about a … The other name for Zaria is Zazzau and the inhabitants are called Zage-zage or Zazzagawa. Her real biography has been somewhat obscured by subsequent legends and folk tales. 24 vehicles … After spending one night with the Zazzau queen, each man was slain. Queen Amina of Zaria, also known as the warrior queen, was the first woman who ruled an African kingdom for over 30 years in the sixteenth century. Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states which dominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai empire to the west. Actress Bisola channels Queen Amina of Zaria as she celebrates her 34th birthday. During her father’s reign, Amina spent time training with the soldiers of the Zazzau cavalry as she honed her fighting skills. Commonly known as the warrior queen, Queen Amina of Zaria was the first woman to become the Sarauniya (queen) in a… Some scholars date Queen Amina's reign to about 1549, as heir apparent after the death of her mother. Upon the death of her mother the queen in 1566, the rule of Zazzau fell on Amina’s younger brother Karama as customary in those days. g Culture Arts dance and theatre h Wildlife Conservation of endangered species from ECON 812 at Kaduna State University This wall still stands majestically in the modern city of Zaria. Queen Amina’s Wall. Nzinga then became the regent queen, in place of her nephew (her brother’s son). "Queen Amina was one of the great queens or traditional rulers in the northern state. Ahmed was born in Kaduna State. She might have ruled in the mid-sixteenth century. Queen Amina of Zaria : She ruled Zaria (Zazzau) from about 1549. Amina of Zaria Facts. Amina of Zaria (1533-1610?), commonly known as the warrior queen, expanded the territory of the Hausa people of north Africa to the largest borders in history. According to Sule-Katsina, the documentary, which is being shot in Kaduna, Zaria, and other Industrial places in the North, is a project that will take long time to finish. She was queen of Zazzua, a part of Nigeria now known as Zaria where matrilineal equality allowed women to rule as well as men. Muslim Queen, warrior Amina (16-17 centuries), Princess of Zaria who made her military career. She ruled in the mid-sixteenth century. . Born to King Nikatau and Queen Bakwa Turunku, Amina is still admired as the warrior queen. Mentioned In This Episode: 1. In … Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states which dominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai empire to the west. Live. She died alone and will never have children. Queen Amina of Zaria. The Terrifying Trio of Lampedo, Marpesia, and Orithyia. She lived approximately 200 years prior to the establishment of the Sokoto-Caliphate federation that governed Nigeria during the period of British colonial rule following the Islamic jahad (holy war) that overtook the region in the nineteenth century. Amina is remembered today as “Amina, Yar Bakwa ta san rana,” meaning “Amina, daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man.” Queen Amina of Zazzau was a Hausa Muslim Warrior known as Queen of Zazzau (now Zaria) and a west african warrior queen. That year, Afonja sent an empty calabash to the Alaafin Aole, thereby signifying that he no longer acknowledged the authority of the Alaafin. Location: Zaria, Kaduna State. One of the most important of these African queens was Amina, the Queen of Zaria (1588)(1589). After Amina`s death, her sister Zaria succeeded to the throne, but Zaria, the kingdom, soon faded from history as a great West African power. Many folk tales and legends have suppressed her real biography. Their family's wealth was derived from the trade of leather goods, cloth, kola, salt, horses and imported metals. She was a known voice in the mid-sixteen century. Born around 1533 in Zazzau, renamed Zaria, (one of the original states of Hausaland). She was the first Sarauniya (queen) in the area. Ex-Big Brother Naija housemate, Bisola is celebrating her 34th birthday today. Her father’s kingdom was wealthy because of trade—in imported metals, kola, horses and salt—and his rule was also peaceful. Amina of Zaria. She was probably his granddaughter. Queen Amina came to power between 1588 and 1589 A.D. Moreover, Amina thirst for power and does not share it with any man. The second-century writer Justinus told of two Amazon queens who ruled together after dividing their forces into two armies. An educational page on the history of Nigeria's warrior queen, Queen Amina. She was also said to have taken a lover from among the conquered people after each battle, and to have killed him in the morning following their night together. ... Or should we ask who are the real rulers of Zazzau after the legendary Queen Amina had conquered most of the then North and died at faraway Attagara. Queen Amina. In 1566, when Bakwa died, Amina's younger brother Karama became king. This medieval African kingdom was located in the region now known as the Kaduna State in Nigeria, capital at the modern city of Zaria, which is named after Queen Amina's sister, Zaria. At the end of the 16th century, after Queen Amina's death, Zaria fell under the influence of the Jukun Kingdom and eventually became a … She was the elder daughter of Queen Bakwa Turunku, the founder of the Zazzau Kingdom in 1536. More than 400 years later, the legend of her persona became the model for a television series about a … She got her first degree in Accounting from Ahmadu Bello University in 1981, after-which she proceeded to Olabisi Onabanjo University for her MBA. This is a 3-parts series article to narrate the story of Queen Nzinga and her significance for this blog. She was probably his granddaughter. Lampedo and Marpesia march into battle, medieval-style. Queen Amina of Zaria ruled her kingdom for 34 years. The Bakwa of Turunku gave up the ghost in 1566 and his son, Karama, succeeded him. She is the subject of many legends, but is believed by historians to have been a real ruler. Amina Mohamud was a Hausa warrior queen of the city-state Zazzau, presently in the North-West region of Nigeria. Amina of Zaria, the Queen of Zazzua, a province of Nigeria now known as Zaria, was born around 1533 during the reign of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir. Tradition has it that the name Zazzau is derived from a famous sword which was honoured in those days by the Zazzagawa and helped to give a kind of ethnic identity years before the recognition of any king by Zaria … Amina is remembered today as “Amina, Yar Bakwa ta san rana,” meaning “Amina, daughter of Nikatau, a woman as capable as a man.” Amina was born around 1533 in Zazzau, now called Zaria in the northern of Nigeria. She was the daughter of Bakwa of Turunku. Queen Amina ruled Zazzau (present-day Zaria) during the mid-16 th century. Their family's wealth was … 17. More than 400 years later, the legend of her persona became the model for a television series about a fictional warrior princess, called Xena. Amina was the warrior queen of Zazzau (now Zaria). She is known also as Amina Sarauniya Zazzau. Amina led her first military charge a few months after assuming power. Her reign would give rise to the expansion of Zazzau to Idah, Nupe, and even Kano. Some scholars date Queen Amina’s reign to about 1549, as heir apparent after the death of her mother. Amina of Zaria (1533-1610"), commonly known as the warrior queen, expanded the territory of the Hausa people of north Africa to the largest borders in history. Hello Select your address Best Sellers Today's Deals New Releases Books Gift Ideas Electronics Customer Service Home Computers Gift Cards Sell Unlike her younger sister, Zariya (from whom the city of Zaria derives its name); Amina is generally remembered for her fierce military exploits. Zazzau was one of the seven Hausa city-states which dominated the […] She was a warrior Queen heading up an army of 20,000 men. Warrior Queen, Amina Mohamud of Zazzau was born to the 22nd ruler of Zazzau, King Nikatau and Queen Bakwa Turunku in the middle of the 16th century and had a younger sister Zaria by name. She used her military prowess to expand the territory of Zazzau to the mouth of the Niger in the south and including Kano and Katsina in the north. Queen Amina, warrior and queen of zaria Queen Amina was a warrior before being given the throne. From the great Queen Amina of Zazzau (modern-day Zaria) to Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti, Margaret Ekpo, Ladi Dosei Kwali, Dora … In 1576 when Karama died, Amina, now about 43, became Queen of Zazzau. For the rest of her 34 year reign, she continued to fight and expand her kingdom to the greatest in history. Amina’s family made their fortunes from the sale of leather goods, kola, salt, horses and imported metals, Amina acquired battle skills while understudying with the soldiers of the Zazzau military. Queen Bakwa, died when Amina was 36 years old, leaving her to rule over Zaria. Amina expanded the territorial limits of Zazzau in both the south and the west. Amina was the celebrated queen of Bakwa Turunku and the 22 nd ruler of Zazzau. Amina of Zaria (1533-1610), commonly known as the warrior queen, expanded the territory of the Hausa people of north Africa to the largest borders in history. She was born c. 1533 and is estimated to have died around 1610. She was born around 1533 during the reign of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir; she was probably his granddaughter. This medieval African kingdom was located in the region now known as the Kaduna State in the north-central region of Nigeria, capital at the modern city of Zaria. Her leadership skills were discovered early by her grandfather who allowed her to attend state meetings. In the city of Zazzau (Zaria) was built well-fortified walls to protect the ancient city by Queen Amina of Zaria, who is renowned for her wise military exploits and strategies so many years. (Queen Amina of Zazzau: A West African Warrior Queen, Black History Heroes) Like the great Nzingha of Angola, Queen Amina’s leadership skills were discovered early by her grandfather who allowed her to attend state meetings. Zazzua was one of a number of Hausa city-states which dominated the trans-Saharan trade after the collapse of the Songhai empire to the west. His brother Abu Fari establish a town under his name Abuja, son of Ishaku Jatau. Amina was the twenty-fourth habe, as the rulers of Zazzau were called and she is believed to have been the granddaughter of King Zazzau Nohir. Queen Amina … ... Zagezagi over to you. Thus, despite Amina’s extensive political knowledge, she reluctantly stepped aside so that her 10-year-old younger brother - Karama could take the throne. Queen Amina of Zaria African feminist ancestors. Turunku Bakwa was queen ( sarauniya) of Zazzau, the large empire of the Hasau people that had come into existence by 1050. Amina QUEEN Of ZARIA (1588-1589) This queen of Zazzua, a province of Nigeria now known as Zaria, was born around 1533 during the reign of Sarkin (king) Zazzau Nohir. •. “Queen Amina of Zazzau was born around 1533 in the province of Zazzau, in modern-day Nigeria. Amina (also Aminatu; died 1610) was a Hausa Muslim a historical figure in the city-state Zazzau (present-day city of Zaria in Kaduna State), in what is now in the north-west region of Nigeria. Top 5 African queens in the history. According to history, Queen Amina of Zaria did not marry and never had a husband nor bear any child. Makau was finally killed in1824 in Lapai 20 years after fleeing from Zaria. 1530s) Queen of Zaria. She later organised his assassination (gosh family killings were rampant then!) Her brother passed away after a 10-year rule and it was then that she became Queen. Queen Amina's story starts circa 1533 in the province called Zazzau now known as Zaria.
How Much Is A Guinea Worth In 1800, Finke Desert Race 2021 Winner, Your Contract Has Expired Note Block, Jennifer Kesse Found 2017, Pasternack Calculator, The Predator Baxley And Coyle, Classic Rock Albums Released On This Day, How Long Is Summer School Hours, Monroe County, Ky Tornado, What Is Higher Than A Navy Achievement Medal, Windows Tcpdump Powershell, Carton And Roberts Radio Ratings,